Exploratory Surgery in Large Animals

Advanced Diagnostic and Life-Saving Intervention When Time and Clarity Matter Most

When a large animal shows serious symptoms that don’t respond to treatment—or when diagnostics like ultrasound and bloodwork fail to give clear answers—exploratory surgery may be the next best step. At Whittington Veterinary Clinic, we offer exploratory laparotomy for cattle, horses, goats, sheep, and pigs to investigate internal issues, relieve critical conditions, and guide the best possible treatment decisions.

What Is Exploratory Surgery?

Exploratory surgery (also called a laparotomy) involves making a controlled incision into the abdominal cavity to visually examine the internal organs. It allows us to:

  • Diagnose the cause of colic, bloating, or abdominal pain
  • Remove foreign objects or twisted intestines
  • Examine and biopsy abnormal tissue
  • Identify tumors, abscesses, or internal bleeding
  • Treat reproductive tract complications (e.g., uterine torsion, retained placenta)

When Is Exploratory Surgery Recommended?

This procedure is often considered when:

  • A medical emergency arises (e.g., colic in horses, right displacement in cattle)
  • Other diagnostics are inconclusive, but symptoms persist or worsen
  • A foreign body or blockage is suspected, such as in a goat or pig
  • There’s sudden abdominal swelling, pain, or collapse
  • Reproductive issues like uterine tears or persistent dystocia need evaluation
  • The animal is deteriorating rapidly without a clear cause

Time is critical in these cases—especially in horses or ruminants where intestinal compromise can be fatal without prompt action.

Common Conditions Requiring Exploratory Surgery

  • Displaced abomasum (DA) in cattle
  • Intestinal torsion or volvulus in horses or goats
  • Gastric ulcers with perforation
  • Internal abscesses or herniation
  • Tumors or reproductive tract disorders
  • Foreign body obstructions, especially in small ruminants and pigs
  • Peritonitis or ruptured organ symptoms

What to Expect During the Procedure

Exploratory surgery is performed under sedation or general anesthesia, depending on the species, condition, and setting (field vs. clinic). The process includes:

  1. Pre-surgical assessment and stabilization (fluids, antibiotics, pain relief)
  2. Surgical exploration of the abdominal cavity
  3. Diagnosis and correction of the underlying problem
  4. Tissue biopsies, if needed
  5. Post-operative care and observation

Some conditions can be resolved immediately during surgery, while others may require long-term management or humane euthanasia if the findings are too severe.

Recovery and Aftercare

  • Post-operative monitoring of vital signs, appetite, and wound healing
  • Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medication
  • Restricted activity or stall rest for recovery
  • Recheck appointments or follow-up imaging, if needed
  • Nutritional support or gradual return to feed

Recovery time depends on the diagnosis and extent of surgical intervention. Early treatment often leads to better outcomes.

Why Veterinary Expertise Matters

Exploratory surgery is complex and time-sensitive. Attempting to delay or self-diagnose can cost valuable time and compromise survival. Having the procedure performed by a trained veterinary team ensures:

  • Accurate diagnosis
  • Skilled, sterile technique
  • Immediate correction of surgical issues
  • Ongoing care to support recovery

When in Doubt, Call Early

If your horse, cow, pig, or small ruminant is showing signs of pain, bloating, collapse, or unexplained illness, don’t wait. Please call us at (337) 893-8522 to discuss whether exploratory surgery—or urgent evaluation—is appropriate. We’re here to provide skilled, compassionate care when your animals need it most.